Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) worldwide. Hashimoto’s disease is a case of mistaken identity, as is common to all autoimmune disorders. The immune system misidentifies the thyroid gland as a foreign pathogen and produces thyroid antibodies to attack it, progressively destroying the thyroid tissue.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is more prevalent in women than men, with a female-to-male ratio of about 8:1. It typically affects women between the ages of 20 and 60, although it can occur at any age. The prevalence of Hashimoto’s varies geographically, with higher rates observed in iodine-deficient regions. Recent studies estimate 5 in every 100 people in the United States have the condition.
The symptoms of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can vary widely and may be nonspecific, leading to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis. Common symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression. Some individuals may experience a goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) or thyroid nodules.
The exact cause of Hashimoto’s remains unclear, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. A family history of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, increases the risk of developing Hashimoto’s. Other risk factors include female gender, exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and iodine deficiency. Hashimoto’s often develops after pregnancy. Additionally, certain virulent strains of H. pylori have been linked to its development. Treating the H. pylori infection may reduce the prevalence of autoimmune antibodies.
If left untreated, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can lead to long-term consequences. The gradual destruction of the thyroid gland can result in permanent hypothyroidism, leading to metabolic and hormonal imbalances. Hypothyroidism affects multiple body systems, causing symptoms such as weight gain, lethargy, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular complications. In pregnant women, untreated Hashimoto’s can lead to adverse outcomes, including miscarriage, preterm birth, and developmental issues in the child.
The most common treatment for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy using synthetic thyroid hormones such as levothyroxine. The goal is to restore thyroid hormone levels to normal and alleviate symptoms. Regular monitoring of hormone levels is necessary to adjust the dosage as needed. In some cases, surgical removal of the thyroid gland may be recommended. Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, certain measures may help reduce the risk or delay the onset of the condition. Ensuring adequate iodine intake is crucial, especially in regions where iodine deficiency is prevalent. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing stress levels, and avoiding exposure to environmental toxins may contribute to overall thyroid health.
Functional medicine takes a holistic and individualized approach to healthcare. In the context of Hashimoto’s, it focuses on identifying and addressing the root causes of the autoimmune response, rather than solely relying on hormone replacement therapy. Functional medicine practitioners may recommend dietary modifications, targeted supplementation, stress management techniques, optimizing gut health, and addressing underlying inflammatory factors such as food sensitivities and chronic infections.
Recent research in the field of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has shed light on various aspects of the disease. For instance, studies have explored the role of gut dysbiosis, vitamin D deficiency, and selenium status in the development and progression of Hashimoto’s. Other research has investigated the potential benefits of specific dietary interventions, such as a gluten-free diet, paleo diet, or an elimination diet, in managing Hashimoto’s symptoms. Additionally, emerging therapies like low-dose naltrexone and the use of certain herbal supplements show promise in modulating the immune response.
After my third pregnancy, I battled severe fatigue, brain fog, body aches, and an overall sense of unwellness. No matter how much I slept, I could barely move out of bed. I saw physician after physician. Each one told me that my thyroid laboratory markers were normal. The diagnosis: depression. I responded to each, “Of course, I’m depressed. I can barely function.” This went on year after year. I was beginning to believe I would never find a solution to my malaise. Finally, one physician took the time to run the thyroid antibody tests, and they were off the charts. I had Hashimoto’s. I was referred to an endocrinologist, as is standard. I was told, yet again, that my other labs were in the normal range, so there wasn’t anything they could do for me. Tired and frustrated, I persevered to discover my own solution. Following the advice of functional medicine practitioners, I started on a paleo/autoimmune diet plan. Within a few months, I felt better, and my antibodies had disappeared. This was the impetus for a love of functional “root cause” medicine.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a prevalent autoimmune disorder with significant implications for thyroid function and overall health. Awareness of its prevalence, symptoms, causes, and consequences is crucial for early diagnosis and appropriate management. While standard treatments primarily focus on hormone replacement, the field of functional medicine offers a personalized and comprehensive approach to addressing the underlying factors contributing to Hashimoto’s. If you think you may be experiencing the symptoms of low thyroid function, consider reaching out to your primary care provider or functional medicine practitioner for testing and evaluation. By utilizing either approach, individuals with Hashimoto’s can work towards improved symptom management and overall well-being.
